The Government’s Taking of Private Property Free Essays

The Constitution of the United States is based primarily on the ideas of the 17th Century English philosopher John Locke. Locke thought that everyone had natural rights, which included life, liberty, and property. Locke stated â€Å"the great and chief end, therefore, of men†s uniting into commonwealths, and putting themselves under government, is the preservation of property† (Locke/ McClaughry 3). We will write a custom essay sample on The Government’s Taking of Private Property or any similar topic only for you Order Now He thought that if any of these rights were violated that the violator should make restitution. The Takings Clause in the Fifth Amendment of the Constitution states â€Å"Nor shall private property be taken for public use, without just compensation. When the government needs a citizen†s private property to build roads or buildings, they compensate the person with money roughly equal to the value of that person†s land. The problem of the government taking or restricting a citizen†s land arises with regulation of private property. John McClaughry defines regulatory taking â€Å"as a governmental confiscation or destruction of economic rights by regulation, without the physical occupation which would trigger just compensation to the owner† (McClaughry 7). The case of Lucas v. South Carolina Coastal Council is an example of regulatory taking. In the case of Lucas v. South Carolina Coastal Council, Lucas bought two adjacent lots on the coast of the Isle of Palms in South Carolina, only to have the land restricted by the state, which prevented his intended use of the lots. Lucas argued that the state†s restriction of the land constituted taking without just compensation. The South Carolina Court of Common Pleas agreed with Lucas and awarded him $1,232,387. 50. The Supreme Court of South Carolina disagreed with the lower court, and saying that the restrictions were designed to prevent serious public harm so no compensation was necessary, even if it did affect the property†s value. Lucas appealed to the Supreme Court of the United States. The Supreme Court of the United States decided on Lucas v. South Carolina Coastal Council in June of 1992. This was four years after the Beachfront Management Act, which prohibited construction on Lucas† lots, was enacted in 1988. An amendment was made to the Act in 1990 that would allow construction in special situations. Lucas could possibly appeal to the Council and receive a permit to build on his lots at the time of the Supreme Court hearings. Lucas argued that the deprivation of use of his land from 1988-1990 amounted to a taking. The Supreme Court decided to grant certiorari. According to Locke, the government†s purpose is to protect and enforce people†s natural rights. One of the natural rights, according to Locke, is life. The coastal area of the Isle of Palms that Lucas† lots were on has been plagued with floods. Justice Blackmun stated that the land was â€Å"under water† from 1957 until 1963. In addition, between 1981 and 1983, â€Å"the Isle of Palms issued twelve emergency orders for sandbagging to protect property† (Blackmun 2). The state of South Carolina saw Lucas† property as unsafe. â€Å"Long ago it was recognized that all property in this country is held under the implied obligation that the owner†s use of it shall not be injurious to the community, and the Takings Clause did not transform that principle to one that requires compensations whenever the State asserts its power to enforce it† (Keystone Bituminous Coal Ass. 491-492). The state†s prevention of building on the site in question would not only foreseeably save the beach from erosion,! insurance and federal aid money, but possibly lives. The Supreme Court ruled in this case that when all value has been taken from property that the owner must receive compensation for it. The question still stands as to whether the state caused the land to become valueless by restricting the building upon it. Justice Blackmun argued, â€Å"†¦ yet the trial court, apparently believing that ‘less value† and ‘valueless† could be used interchangeably, found the property ‘valueless†Ã¢â‚¬  (Blackmun 5). He goes on to propose that the land still held value because Lucas could enjoy it in other ways, such as camping, swimming, picnicking, or placing a mobile home on it. The value of the property often lies in the eye of the beholder. In Colorado, a piece of legislation is being proposed that might become a model for other states where property rights are concerned. The Private Property Protection Act would allow â€Å"a landowner to seek compensation when a regulation takes away more than fifty percent of the land†s value† (McClaughry 4). This act hopes † to establish a standard for the most serious regulatory takings and to afford a method of relief for a landowner whose rights have been taken† according to McClaughry (McClaughry 8). In 1997, Senator Hatch (R-UT) introduced a piece of legislation called the Citizen†s Access to Justice Act. This Act would â€Å"reduce delay and expense of litigation by clearly defining when a property owner†s claim is ripe† for adjudication (Annett 2). This piece of legislation would help speed the process that is so costly for property owners. The Private Property Rights Implementation Act was passed in October of 1997. This Act helps owners pass their first hurdle by allowing them to have the merits of their case heard in federal court. The Tucker Act Shuffle Relief Act, also passed in October of 1997, helps citizens pass the second hurdle by â€Å"resolving the jurisdictional question for federal courts† (Annett 3). Even though the Supreme Court†s ruling in Lucas looked promising for property rights advocates, it turned out not to be such a big win after all. Justice Scalia limited the application of the ruling to total takings, excluding partial takings. The distinction between total and partial takings â€Å"is arbitrary and inconsistent with the purposes of the Takings Clause† (Butler 3). It is possible that one landowner could lose more money on a piece of property that is only partially taken and not receive compensation for it, when another landowner could be compensated for a piece of land that is not wholly worth as much as the other owner†s partial piece. The Supreme Court†s partial versus total taking has made a big impact upon lower court judges however. The lower courts are using the decision as a standard by which to judge regulatory property rights cases across the board. Many defendants are attempting to use the ruling, to fight prohibited construction on their land, where it is not applicable. Defendants â€Å"cannot claim their land is valueless simply because they might have developed it in the future† (Butler 5). The other relevant part of the Lucas decision is that â€Å"if the activity was previously permitted under relevant property and nuisance principles, then the prohibition of the activity would be a total regulatory taking that must be compensated† (Butler 6). Justice Blackmun ponders whether the government is going to be able to continue if it must weigh the possibility of compensation when making laws outlawing serious dangers to society. However, if all economically beneficial uses are not destroyed by the regulation, then it does not matter whether or not the activity was previously permitted. Another case of regulatory property taking that is still on the state level is the expansion of the Minneapolis-St. Paul Regional Airport. With the expansion of the airport, increased air traffic would be flying over the nearby Minnesota Valley National Wildlife Refuge. In compensation for the affects on the habitat, â€Å"†¦ the Fish and Wildlife Service is going to be paid over $20 million† (Young 1). However, the money is going to come from fees and charges placed on people using the airport. When someone from the private sector causes detriment to federal lands they must compensate the government for the lost lands. The end of Lucas v. South Carolina Coastal Council remains to be told. The South Carolina Supreme Court ordered the state of South Carolina to purchase the two lots in question from David Lucas. The state then put the two lots on the market as residential sites. Perhaps the â€Å"courts should look beyond the public-interest rhetoric and examine the validity of the alleged public purpose† (Butler 7). This is the other side of regulatory takings. If the states are required to pay property owners millions of dollars for the land in question, are they going to be able to uphold the Acts and legislation that got them there? Locke†s natural rights seem to conflict over the regulatory taking of private property. The natural right to life appears to have precedent over the natural right to property according to the government†s actions in dealing with regulatory takings. The government says that the taking of the land is in the best interest of society, but rights of the individu! al are being overlooked. When the taking is free to the government, it appears to be a good plan of action for them. When the government must pay for their land, they weigh the pros and cons of their decisions a little more heavily. The Lucas case is full of precedents, good and bad, for both sides of the issue of regulatory takings. How to cite The Government’s Taking of Private Property, Essay examples

The Upstart Assault Case for Meridicom and Telzip - myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theThe Upstart Assault Case for Meridicom and Telzip. Answer: Presentation of the case This fictional case presented by Marco Bertini and Nirmalaya Kumar of the London business titled what do you do when one of your small competitors pulls out its big gun? This case explores the question on the basis of commentaries of George tacker, of Simon Kutcher partner and discusses how small competitors create a bad reaction on the telecom market. This case presents a study of two telecom competitor companies, namely Meridicom and Telzip. Meridicom is known for being the largest established company of telecom which provides high production of several kinds of telecom services, whereas the Telzip is a small company runs with low marketing skills and capability. The disputes arise after a strategy is changed by the telzip company to increase a high market price just as Meridicom Company. Telzip Company shook the market of telecom services by offering to his customers a free broadband services forever. Such offering of Telzip Company provokes a meridicom to take a bold action against Telzip Company. Meridicom Company decided to cut off all his prices of telecom services. Joeseph Ulan, a chief marketing officer of Meridicom Company faces with incompatible directions to provide a discounted rate to all his customers for their products or services. But such discounted idea of concept was rejected by an officer, Joe. The case suggests cannibalizing of the company by a decrease in sales volume, revenue, or market share of telecom products by the meridicom company (McGrath, 2013). Such cannibalizing method increases a greater evil to the outsiders or new comers in the telecom market. The case study created a revelation of nobodys assault scenario in a market. The overview of the case presents that the dominating company loses their grip if his customers switch to their new company. In the case study, Telzip Company does not explore its market strategies in a righteous manner as it provides harm to an interest of other small competitors. This case study sets an illustration of competitive rivalry and its changing aspects. Presentation of Problem or predicament The case begins with advertisement published in financial times which tapered the chief offices joseph face of the Meridicom company progress in one stance. The advertisement published in Financial Times that a Telzip Company is offering free broadband services for life long to his business customers together with landline and mobile services to those present customers who have desire to change their membership from Meridicom services. Such attractive services represent an act of predicament to Meridicom Company. At the instant of the issue that whether Joe should disregard or react to Telzips unflinching step or not. In case, Joseph respond to such unflinching step of Telzips then he should put stress on an implementing a several market policies to attract his customers. Meridiocom Company is a most popular telecom company, but TelZip currently a forerunner in the portable services and with the free broadband services. Telzip is able acquire a dominancy over Meridicoms broadband and landline services. It would be vital step for Meridicom to put stress over Telzips services as he holds a sound and excellence position in a market and require influencing their customers (Clayton et.al. 2016). Presentation of opinions The next step after problem arise in Meridiocom company, a meeting conducted by Joseph a chief head who gather all his administrators in one dining on the twelfth floor of their company building. The meeting presents a several opinions to the hope door or recommendation to defeat telzips new strategy of free broadband services and capture market again with confidence of his customers. Opinions of Adam, Emiline and Frank (division heads of meriodicom company) and Charles DeGraff (sale officer) created a scenario for Joe to take a decision mainly in two circumstances. Firstly, Joe should respond to action against telzips marketing on availing free broadband services to his business customers by elucidate his various drawbacks (Philip Kevin, 2013). Secondly, Joe should not respond to price war against telzips strategy. Such price war would create a bad vision of meridiocom company prestige and goodwill (Bryce et.al. 2011). Adam initiated his conversation by giving relief to Joe that telzips free broadband strategy is not genuine and his strategy is just to fool his business customers. Moreover, Adam also suggests Joe that he does not require doing anything to improve inherent strategies of a company. Another division head, Emeline also supported Adams opinion by stating that if meriodicom company would consider a strategy of small competitors that may result into a great pain for the company as it would disturb complete unit of a company. But out of three division head, Frank puts a contradictory opinion and dissent the views of Adam and Ereline. Frank warns Joe by stating that the Telzip Company is a serious player in the market. According to frank, telzips strategy is a bold one and can easily beat a successful marketing of Meriodicom Company. After meeting gets over, Joe suddenly met with his Charles Degraff, sales officer of the Meriodicom Company at a wine shop. Charles boosts Joe by saying that our company should follow fire with fire concept. If telzip can put his attractive strategy for customer then meriodicom should also focus on his customers. He asserts that meriodicom is expensive for his business customers with no availing attractive offers to be provided by a company. The above opinion sets following factors: Pros of opinion are that company has a huge market where customers would not switch to the Telzip Company without any cross check. Offcourse customers are concerned for excellence services of meriodicom. Discount offer and free broadband services cannot fool customers so easily. Cons of opinion were three bills provided for three services represent complicated service processes provided to customers and all three call centres may fail to seek solution to customers. Such three billing and call centres do not provide satisfactory services of themeriodicom company (Bertini, Marco and Wathieu, 2010). Conclusion As per above opinions, the solution to this case study deals with several recommendations for the meriodicom company against bold action of telzips company. There are as following Firstly, meriodicom company is advised to monitor telzips service quality. Such monitoring can takes place by giving advice to Joe for responding to the price war. A purpose of price war is to bring out competitive showground by providing discount strategy, per second movement record in billing and free services of calling and internet play as foremost weapons for any competitive players. Price cut is a most effective tool to frame any effective strategy to capture market. In the context of this case analysis, meriodicom company should follow a policy of price war to attract his customer at a large scale (Coelho, 2010). Secondly, it is recommended to Joe not to implement practical approach for responding to the Telzip Company by a tool of price attack. A purpose of price attack is to cut off the costing of a company at a very low scale (Duarte, 2012). Such price attack goals can bring consequences of loss to a company which may even create a circumstance of the company winding up due to a severe loss. In order to prevent a loss to a company, it is directed that Joe should not respond to price attack (Stalk, 2007). As per facts of the case, the relationship between quality and price in telecom field is over prevailing to each other. In this theory of relationship, quality prevails in Meriodicom Company whereas price prevails in telzips case. If Joes view is that quality of his company is equal or more than telzips company then Joe should follow the opinion of Charles, sale officer. As per Charles opinion, Joe should follow the strategy of fire with fire that is Joe should also publish an advertisement with a lengthy offer of discount published in front page of the financial times. It will attract business customers of telzips company. If the quality of telzips company is less than meridicom company then Joe is directed to implement a strategy of fire with water. According to theory of fire with water, Joe needs to follow a modest or calm approach towards a bold strategy of telzips company (Luce, 2008). It might results into short term collapse in progress of meridicom company. Thus, it would also lead to provide awareness in a customer for a quality concern rather than low price charges (Stone, 2017). In case of customer would willing to switch to telzips company attractive offer of free broadband then in such circumstance a meridiocom company should prepare his price war strategy (Christensen, 2013). Such action is optional when above stated recommendation may fail. It is important to preserve such price war strategy already before results of customers migration to another company (Wagner Disparte, 2016). References Bertini, Marco Wathieu (2010), "How to stop customers from fixating on price", Harvard business review . pp 84-91 Bryce, D.J., Dyers, J.H., and Hatch, N.W. 2011. "Competing against free products". Harvard Business Review, 89(6), 104-111. Christensen C. 2013. The Innovator's Dilemma: When New Technologies Cause Great Firms to Fail. New York: Harvard Business Review Press. Clayton M. C, Grant A. Govindarajan V. and. Davenport T.H. 2016. HBR's 10 must Reads 2017: The Definitive Management Ideas of the Year from Harvard Business Review (with bonus article What Is Disruptive Innovation?) (HBR's 10 Must Reads) Harvard Business Review Press Coelho D. 2010. Global graphics: pricing in a new market. London Business School. Duarte N. 2012. HBR Guide to Persuasive Presentations. Harvard Business Press. Luce H.R. 2008. Fortune. California: Time, Incorporated.pp.158. McGrath R. G. 2013. The End of Competitive Advantage: How to Keep Your Strategy Moving as Fast as Your Business. Harvard Business Press. Philip K. Kevin K.L. 2013. Marketing Management. USA: Grada Publishing. Stalk G. 2007. Competing Against Time: How Time-Based Competition is Reshaping Global Market. Simon and Schuster. Stone B. 2017. The Upstarts: How Uber, Airbnb and the Killer Companies of the New Silicon Valley are changing the World. New York: Random House. Wagner D. Disparte D. 2016. Global Risk Agility and Decision Making: Organizational Resilience in the Era of Man-Made Risk. Springer.

OptiMotors Companys Business Ethics

Table of Contents Introduction Seeing the Ethical Perspective Talking about Ethics Acting against Unethical Practices Review of the Ethical Concept Conclusion Reference List Introduction Business ethics is a very important issue which all enterprises, organisations, and companies need to adhere to in order to be able to enhance their performances. Ethics does not only involve the internal customers who are the workers of an organisation but also extends to cover buyers or customers who purchase goods and services manufactured by the firm (Rutherford et al. 2012, 335).Advertising We will write a custom case study sample on OptiMotors Company’s Business Ethics specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More However, competition in business has forced business entities to try and adopt unethical means of attracting and winning business from customers. While wooing customers through the provision and granting of favours is acceptable, bus inesses occasionally outdo it by employing ethically unacceptable methods so as to appease buyers. This paper particularly addresses the aspect of client entertainment, seeking to analyse the limits beyond which business entities need not exceed in entertaining their clients. Seeing the Ethical Perspective Although business ethics is considered to be universal, the aspect remains to be highly subjective, basing on the surrounding circumstances, the timing, as well as the cultural practices being observed (Albert and Franks 2012, 224). These issues would determine whether a manager would regard practice as unethical or falling within the acceptable standards. When companies seek to entertain their customers or potential customers for purposes of winning business opportunities, their managers must first of all be in a position of noticing whether or not whatever the entertainment being planned meets the ethical thresholds or not. In the case of OptiMotors, the CEO of the company sees and realises that it is ethically impractical for potential clients of the company to be entertained at the Red Ruby Club, a strippers club, in the name of an evening out (Lampe and Crystal 2012, 99). Even though Galen, the sales representative head at the company, insists on the visiting delegation from Kinan Motors being hosted at the strippers club, Bob notices that something is amiss in the whole set-up and plan but feels tied to the aftermath, which is the winning of a lucrative business deal with handsome rewards.Advertising Looking for case study on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More It is evident, from Bob’s reactions that his individual position considers strippers club’s patronage to be ethically incorrect and distasteful. Although the sales representative head, Galen, who is the one pursuing on plans to have Kinan Motors sign a business deal with OptiMotors insists that there is nothi ng wrong to have the delegation hosted at the Red Ruby Club, the CEO sticks to his ground to ascertain that the whole plan does not receive the ethical clean bill of health, at least from him as an individual. He cites the activities that take place at the entertainment spot as being morally wrong but Galen responds by pointing out that his old school age is probably to blame for such an observation (Cuilla 2011, 335). The manager sees how morally impractical it is to expect potential clients with the standards of Kinan Motors to be hosted at a strippers club but has no, organisational cultural, basis to dismiss such plans. He is not assertive in asking Galen to back-off from plans to host the delegation at Red Ruby Club. The lack of an organisational culture on morality particularly plays a significant role in explaining why Bob sees the danger but treats it casually. He trusts the sales manager as a good performer who should be given the freedom to perform without any interference . Thus, although the CEO seems to insist on Galen seeking an alternative entertainment spot, he is also quick to note that choice and decision squarely lies with him. In other words, although OptiMotors would wish to appear before its clientele as being ethically responsible in its business activities, the prevailing circumstances matter in the choice of action to be taken by OptiMotors. In this instance, the supposed benefit that will be realised by OptiMotors as a result of closing the Kinan deal makes the management overlook the resultant ethical repercussions that could occur. The company feels that for as long as it achieves its business objectives, there is little worry in trying to ensure that the ethics are adhered to and observed (Rutherford et al. 2012, 335).Advertising We will write a custom case study sample on OptiMotors Company’s Business Ethics specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Talking about Ethics Talking ab out ethical practices for managers is closely associated with seeing. In other words, it is only after seeing unethical practices that managers can discuss the same with a view of addressing such malpractices. For ethics to be strictly adhered to within an organisation, managers need to be the kind who see and also talk about what they see (Trevino and Catherine 2010, 33). This would be implying moral discernment and understanding on the part of the managers. OptiMotors, however, is a perfect example of an organization that does not put into action the â€Å"talking† or â€Å"discussion† bit while dealing with ethical issues of concern. The company’s senior manager notices how unethical it would be for the company if Galen, who is the sales manager, would be allowed to continue with plans to host the delegation from Kinan Motors at a strippers club. Although the CEO expresses dissatisfaction of the plans through his actions, the discussion he holds with his subo rdinate is casual. Bob is not strict in his objection of the plans and instead gives Galen room to decide on which way is perfect. He recognises the fact that Galen is a top performer who needs ample time to decide on what is right for him for as long as the company will be able to close the deal in a satisfactory manner. Bob’s actions towards Galen’s plans are strongly informed by the fact that his subordinate would have easily seen him as being a poor performer when it came to business knowledge and ideas. Although hosting potential business clients in an entertainment spot considered morally wrong could have resulted in OptiMotors losing out on the deal altogether, the CEO appears to be less concerned about the repercussions and instead, he is only concerned with his task of bidding for the clients. There is little indication that the CEO had the obligation of making judgements that concerned the company (Cragg 2012, 16). Had Bob been a manager who recognises the im portance of holding discussions as concerns ethical issues, he would have harboured a strong principle on the impact of communicating, especially to his workers, in a direct and overt manner. In this context, Bob would have given Galen chance to express his position and understanding as concerns his decision to host the delegation at a strippers club.Advertising Looking for case study on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This would then have given Bob a clear and informed opportunity to discuss the issue and explain to him why the company would not condone such plans in the first place. In other words, communication would have allowed both Bob and Gallen to discuss their moral standings and review the implications to the company (Trevino and Catherine 2010, 45). OptiMotors does not create such an environment where subordinates and their respective supervisors can exhaustively discuss ethical practices. Though Galen is the head of the sales department, employees in his department raise their serious ethical concerns with the CEO instead of facing him over the same. April Hartley, an employee at the company serving in the sales department points it out to tell Bob that her reason for resigning from the company is as a result of unethical practices, which her supervisor, Galen, feels comfortable ordering subordinates in the department to practice. April also informs Bob that another employee from the d epartment, Joan, was on her way out because of the same reasons. This indicates that although the subordinates discuss these issues amongst themselves, they feel helpless because they have no channel of involving their superiors in the discussions (Grace and Cohen 2010, 86). To the workers, the fact that it is their own managers pushing them to indulge in unethical practices, in the name of making business, makes them resigned to believing that OptiMotors has little, if any, concerns for ethics and morality. The company, instead, appears to place more emphasis on money and business irrespective of the moral circumstances. Even after April hints to Bob of the impending resignation from Joan, the CEO does not take the initiative to discuss it out with Galen. Both Joan and April are experienced top performing sales representatives whose resignation should have served as a wakeup call for the management to act on the escalating immorality at the firm. However, the concern for business t akes centre stage in the company’s operations, and the CEO, although is disheartened at the resignations, seems to be contented that the company is performing well in the business front. Bob promises the workers that he is willing to discuss their concerns only after they raise it up with him. He is not unaware of what transpires in the company but wishes that workers need to be less pushy and tolerate the practices for as long as the company remains profitable. This continued action by the management, unfortunately, has created the impression to the workers that the company and its entire management have little considerations for ethics (Trevino and Catherine 2010, 39). The diagram below showcases the ethical decision making process in an organisation. Source: Managing Business A talking manager can hardly condone the culture of leniency on committing mistakes at will (Cuillla 2011, 340). Had Bob spoken out in the strongest words possible against Galen’s plans, it wo uld have enhanced accountability amongst the staff at the firm. Workers are likely to be strict in their operations if they see managers speak with firmness against immoral practices. Had this been the case, Bob as the CEO of the company, would have instead initiated imaginative solutions on how to treat the delegation from Kinan Motors other than allowing them to be hosted at the Red Ruby Club. When the CEO appears to discourage Galen from pursuing his Red Ruby plan, the latter is quick to point out that even when Bob goes out to play golf so as to find clients, it is not because he is immoral but because clients have to be looked out for in all means possible (Sen 2009, 46). Bob does not emerge to set the record straight as concerns the two scenarios but rather keeps quiet in the hope that his silence will interfere less with Galen’s plans of finding a lucrative deal for the company. Acting against Unethical Practices Although holding discussions about ethical concerns is p art of acting for managers, there is more action needed from managers to ensure that the ethical issues are fully addressed. Before action can be pursued, the unethical practices must be clearly revealed, and alternative solutions sought to address the situation. Organizational cultures and practices form part of the action plan which managers must pursue to address immorality and unethical practices in the organization. It is evident that OptiMotors lacks any internal structures that can effectively address the concept of ethics within its ranks. Bob, although can determine that Galen’s intended action is ethically wrong, he lacks the structural support to reign in the dissenting officer. Even after the two employees resign citing ethical reasons, Bob is in agreement with their concerns, but the lack of existing structural support leaves him without any resolve to act on the matter (Spencer 1998, 210). Ethical action, however, takes place in a process where one activity lead s to the other (Cuillla 2011, 336). It is this reasoning that explains why it becomes difficult for Bob to out rightly act on Galen’s action plan concerning the evening out of potential OptiMotors’ clients at a strippers club. Equally, the manager fails to move in with speed and put on check a situation where highly performing employees are resigning because of being compelled to act in a manner that is ethically unacceptable. The company can wholesomely be regarded as consequentialist in its actions, planning, and reasoning through its insistence that serving customers is the main concern, whether or not the way followed to attain this objective meets the ethical threshold. Review of the Ethical Concept In seeking to operate in an ethically satisfactory manner that is acceptable to both customers and employees as well, organisations and their management must review all ethical issues arising and seek to address them once and for all. Ethical review enables the organis ation to entrench a culture which, apart from seeking to pursue moral uprightness in actions, also seeks to eliminate completely unethical practices and behaviour (Sandel 2009, 23). When reviews on how the company deals with ethics are not conducted on a regular basis, it leaves the company exposed and, thus, putting it in a very tight situation. It is the lack of ethical reviews that leave Bob unsure of what to do when reality finally downs on him that his company is facing a crisis on ethics. Key employees are leaving OptiMotors, but the CEO feels by interrupting he will affect Galen’s productivity, which would in turn translate to losses in the firm (Cragg 2012, 9). Conclusion Ethics is a key ingredient in the performance of any organisation or company. Clients often analyse the ethical stature of a company before deciding on whether or not to do business with a firm. However, it is important that as companies compete to win the trust of customers, they do not over indulge and in the process end up acting immorally. OptiMotors perform particularly well because the company has put its ultimate goal as that of winning customers at whatever cost. Thus, the sales department which has the responsibility of winning clients indulges in immoral acts in the name of entertaining its clients, both potential and existing ones. Although the CEO notices this, he fails to talk about it, and his inaction leads to key employees resigning their positions citing unethical practice. Reference List Albert, Spalding Jr. Franks Rita. 2012. â€Å"Business ethics as an accreditation requirement: a knowledge mapping approach.† Global Conference on Business Finance Proceedings 7, no. 2: 224-236. Cragg, Wesley. 2012. â€Å"Ethics, enlightened self-interest, and the corporate responsibility to respect human rights: A critical look at the justificatory foundations of the UN framework.† Business Ethics Quarterly 22, no. 1: 9-36 Cuillla, Joanne. 2011. â€Å"Is busi ness ethics getting better? A historical perspective.† Business Ethics Quarterly 21, no. 2: 335-343. Grace, Damien, and Cohen Stephen. 1999. Business ethics, 4th ed. Melbourne: Oxford University Press. Lampe, Marc, and Crystal Engleman-Lampe. 2012. â€Å"Mindfulness-based business ethics education.† Academy of Educational Leadership Journal 16, no. 3: 99-111 Rutherford, Matthew, Parks Laura, Cavazos David, and White Charles. 2012. â€Å"Business ethics as a required course: Investigating the factors impacting the decision to require ethics in the undergraduate business core curriculum.† Academy of Management Learning Education 11, no. 2: 174-186. Sandel, Michael. 2009. Justice: What’s the right thing to do? New York: Farrar, Strauss and Giroux. Sen, Amartya Kumar. 2009. The idea of justice. Cambridge: The Belknap Press. Spencer, Pickett. 1998. â€Å"Diary of a control freak: The manager’s guide to internal control.† Managerial Auditing Journ al 13, no. 4: 210-232. Trevino, Linda, and Katherine Nelson. 2010. Managing business ethics. Danvers, MA: John Wiley Sons. This case study on OptiMotors Company’s Business Ethics was written and submitted by user Griffin Hurst to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Jonathan Edwards, In the Hands of an Angry God. essays

Jonathan Edwards, In the Hands of an Angry God. essays Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God by Jonathan Edwards was a sermon given by the Puritian minister Edwards. In this sermon Edwards uses the fear that God at anytime can punish the wicked to keep his people under control. This was a practice used by the puritians to make the people live correctly under that laws of the Bible and of the church. This essay will point out examples of this in his sermon. Edwards begins by using a simple Bible verse from Deuteronomy, chapter 32, verse 35. It says, Their foot shall slide in due time. He uses this short and simple verse to explain to his congregation that at anytime, God could decide that it was their appointed time to leave this world. Edwards concludes that this verse is referring to the punishment and destruction that the Israelites were exposed to. He thinks that because the Israelites were exposed to so much destruction that they would fall, just like a person walking across a slippery floor is always in danger of falling. He then says that no one is able to predict whether he will stand or fall, and he uses Psalm 73:18-19: Surely thou didst set them in slippery places: thou castedst them into destruction. How are they brought into desolation as in a moment. Up till now, the Israelites have manged not to fall because God has always been there to give them a hand, and has kept them from falling. Edwards surmises that on e day at Gods appointed time, he will no longer help them and they will be allowed to fall. He ends his sermon with the thought that, There is nothing that keeps wicked men at any moment out of hell, but the mere pleasure of God. Edwards wants his people to always be warey that at anytime God can take away there lives and that they should always be ready for this. He paints God as a cruel ruler who enjoys playing with the life of his people. I think that he does this so that the people will fear...

Virgin Galactic Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Virgin Galactic - Essay Example Ever since Neil Armstrong set foot on the moon, it has been every man’s wish to be able to do the same. Space is one of the most mystifying and romantic locations ever and knowing how hard it is to get there has only made it more sought after. But everyone cannot become astronauts. That is why Richard Branson, with his Virgin Group decided it was time common people get the opportunity to set foot into space. And with this noble thought in mind, the Virgin Group created Virgin Galactic – a company that is dedicated to taking ‘space tourists’ to their most sought after tourist spot – space. To do this, Virgin Galactic has modeled its very own spaceships after the history-making SpaceShipOne. Virgin Galactic’s spaceship is called SpaceShipTwo and its mission is to make â€Å"affordable exploration of space by human beings a real possibility†. Market Segmentation: Market Segmentation is the bifurcation of a large group of people into smaller groups that have similar characteristics. The whole point of this exercise is so that an organization may be able to design a marketing mix to fulfill the demands and expectations of the participants in the various sub groups, in a precise manner. The market is usually divided based on geography, demography, consumer behavior and psychography. Geographic Segmentation defines the exact geographic location of residence of the target. It is often divided based on region (continent, country, state, city, etc.), size of metropolitan area based on size of population, population density (urban, suburban, rural, etc.) and climate. Based on these variables, we can define the target audience for Virgin Galactic to be living in urban areas of UK that are densely populated.4 Demographic Segmentation looks at dividing the market based on demographic variables such as age, gender, family size, income, religion, education, social class, etc. Based on these variables, we could say that the target for Virgin Galactic would be high net worth individuals with high incomes, belonging to SEC A+.5 They would be educated and probably come from small families, that is, either bachelors or just married, with no kids. Behavioral Segmentation divides the target based on consumer behavior towards the product or service. It is based on variables such as brand loyalty, user status (i.e. first time user, potential, regular, etc.), readiness to buy, occasions (holidays or other events).6 Based on these variables, the target for Virgin Galactic could be defined as first time users who are most willing to spend money to go into space. They just want to go into space, and aren’t much worried about the money they are spending. Occasions play no role in this. Psychographic Segmentation divides people based on their lifestyles, interests, opinions, values, etc. Based on these variables, we could define the target for Virgin Galactic as people who lead a very frivolous lifestyle, who are willing to spend good money on anything that will make them happy, in this case takes them to space. Their interests would include space, experiencing anything new, especially before their peers. Consumer Profile: Geographic: Region: England City: Birmingham Density: Urban Demographic: Gender: Male Age: 38 years Lifecycle: Married, no children Occu pation: Businessman Education: University graduate Income: GPB 500000 per annum Nationality: British Behavioral: User Status: First time Readiness: Very high Benefits: Going into space, making a dream come true, doing something special before peers and competitors. Occasion: None Psychographic: Social class: A+ - high income, high net worth individual Personality: Fun, ambitious, impulsive, confident, athletic, enthusiastic to experience new things Lifestyle: Tech-savvy, plays a lot of sport, fitness freak, socially active Hobbies: Sport, follows tennis, golf and cricket Mobile Phone: iPhone 5 (Contract) Consumer Behavior Factors Consumer behavior refers to the method in which a consumer selects, purchases and consumes certain products

Strategic management Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 1

Strategic management - Case Study Example There are numerous positive aspects to this strategy nonetheless. To begin with, Paul Sr. contends that making his own grapes is the genesis to quality wine and also to business success. This is the core reason 70% of all grapes crushed at the winery is grown under the supervision of the company. Another belief held by Paul Sr. is that customers should always pay relative to the quality of wine they purchase. Hence, the company would never charge exponentially for wine that does not match the price. The Boscs also view wine making as a lifestyle, and hence strive to form close ties with clients. This approach to business is very influential when it comes to making the decision since it might be the same approach adopted if the chateau is built. In this regard, it is appropriate to assess whether CdC’s business strategy is applicable in such a setup. Having CdC’s business strategy applicable in a chateau mean that the construction of the new premises is supported by the business strategy in use. The external environment for CdC is very influential to the overall performance of the winery. The Liquor Control Board of Ontario (LCBO) is one of the political influences that impacts the operation of the company. The board is responsible for distributing most of the wine in the region and which all makers fall below. In many ways, the board is a controller of alcohol consumption in the region. Its lack of vulnerability from manipulation by wineries such as CdC means that the quest to upscale by the organisation is impeded. Although the revenues amassed in the wine business were surging, the amount of wine consumption was lessening over the last year. This is partly attributed to the economic recession that is being experienced in the region. This means that fewer people were taking wine and that the efforts by CdC to double

Impact Of The Mega Sport Event On Tourism Tourism Essay

Impact Of The Mega Sport Event On Tourism Tourism Essay There are only two mega sport events namely the FIFA World Cup and the Olympics based on the scale of media interest. It means mega-sport event has unique natures such as outstanding reputation, adequate attention and worldwide scope already. A well-managed mega-sport event such as FIFA World Cup will attracts millions of visitors to a place. The tourism related to mega-sport event can be classified as sport event tourism that Foo L. M (2000) defined sport events tourism as the main purpose of the travel is to take part in an organized sporting activity, either as a spectator, participant or official. For example, the diverse preparations in Sydney for the 2000 Games not only cater for the 11,116 athletes, but also take into consideration the potential tourism inflow from Olympic spectators (which could number in the millions), athletes families, and estimated 15,000 media personnel (Groote, 2005). During the event holding, tourists spend money in related tourism businesses like restaurant, shop and hotel, and they may also visit surrounding tourist destinations and attractions. Obviously, tourism obtains benefits directly and indirectly from mega-sport event; while these benefits are various and long-term. In case of 2000 Sydney Olympics (Australian Tourist Commision, 2001): Visitors to Australia: 406,500 international visitors in September 2000, 15% higher than September 1999 (Australian Bureau of Statistics preliminary data). Worldwide Olympic TV audience: 3.7 billion in 220 countries (IOC) Worldwide Olympic Internet audience: 20 million (IOC) Brand Australia has been advanced by ten years, meaning what the world now knows about Australia, it wouldnt have known until 2010 had Sydney not hosted the Games (ATC). The ATCs media relations program generated an addition A$3.8 billion in publicity for Australia between 1997 and 2000 (ATC) The ATCs partnerships with major Olympic sponsors, such as Visa, McDonalds, Kodak and Coca-Cola generated in additional A$300 million in additional advertising exposure for Australia (ATC). In late 1999, the ATC launched the Australia 2000 fun and games campaign to encourage visitation to Australia in 2000. This was aimed at insuring against avoidance, as had been the experience of other major event host cities and countries. In 2000, visitor arrivals to Australia increased by 10.9% to almost five million according to preliminary Australian Bureau of Statistics figures (ABS). In excess of 100 business events, generating millions of additional export dollars for Australia can be directly attributed to the ATCs New Century. New World, Australia 2001 campaign aimed at capturing business tourism for Australia off the back of the Games. (ATC) etc. Furthermore, Hudson S. (2003) summarized relevant benefits for the host as follows: Major sport events can be catalysts for new facilities and new or improved infrastructure When sport facilities are built, they become permanent event venues Major sport events can be catalysts for attracting training sessions and other types of events, such as meetings and exhibitions There is potential for various sport events year round Sport events can reflect and enhance culture and local traditions, helping to create a unique and attractive sense of place Media coverage and its impact on developing a sport destination image can be more important than actual visitor spending Sport events can assist in destination branding by providing powerful, active lifestyle images and making cultural themes come alive However, hosting a major sports event also has high risks that mainly affect the sustainability of the tourism. For example the Olympic Games of 1976 in Montreal, it was a financial disaster for the city that almost bankrupt (Newton, 2012) and afterwards they were still faced with the financial debts until 2006 (CBC News, 2006). 2.2 Marketing in tourism 2.2.1 Mega-sport event marketing Funk D. C (2008) believed that effective marketing activities are able to shape the image of the city and stimulate the economy for the host; to reach specific target markets and position the destination to non-residents for the tourism marketers; to build community identification and create jobs for governments; to increase brand awareness, launch new products and services, and open new markets for sponsors. In terms of mega-sport event which is in essence experiential, interactive, targeted, and relational; these features are highly relevant and desirable given the modern marketing environment (Crowther, 2011) which can be explained as events create a social setting for attendees and help raise attendees involvement level; therefore, attendees are apt to be more receptive to marketing messages and images associated with the event than they are to those presented via other methods (Pope Voges, 2000; Meenachan Shipley, 1999). Therefore, event marketing is defined as a tool for experiential marketing that focuses on consumer experiences, and treats emotionally and rationally driven consumption as a holistic experience (Vel Sharma, 2010) and it offers an additional advantage, in that it actively engages the consumer with the brand and its personality (Sneath, et al., 2005). 2.2.2 Motivation of sport event tourist MacInnis D. J, Moorman C. Jaworski B. J (1991) defined motivation as an internal factor that arouses and prompts goal-directed behavior. Furthermore, Schiffman L. G Kanuk L. L (2001) detailed a motivation process which includes five stages: needs, tension, drive, want and goal. (Figure 1) Need recognition Goal behavior Want pathway Drive state Tension reductionFigure 1 Sport and event consumer motivation process Source: e.g., Schiffman L. G Kanuk L. L (2001) In the first stage: need recognition, Reisinger (2009) mentioned that potential consumers recognize a need when faced with a problem, we can understand the problem as a catalyst. As mentioned above, the problem of sport event consumer is the desire to seek the experiences. Second stage is the customers are considering how to satisfy this need and at the third stage, people will consider the pathways by their preference to reduce or eliminate the unpleasant state. Want pathway can be considered as decision-making processes and finally the goal behavior which can be understand as the acquisition satisfy peoples need, reduce tension and restore balance. A well-understanding of motivation process will help the marketer to know (Horner Swarbrooke, 2007): When to attempt to influence consumers (focusing marketing activities at the time when most consumers are making decisions to buy a particular product) The choice of advertising media based on which media the majority of consumers use to gain information about tourism products The selection of appropriate distribution channels or marketing intermediaries For example, the VisitBritains strategy for 2012 London Olympic Games focused to inspire visitors to explore Britain (VisitBritain, 2010) As the figure shows, the marketing strategy of VisitBritain focuses Awareness (inspire) and Intention (explore) stages. The marketing challenges are: Inspire: (long-term develop): Address the loss of market share and maximise the value of tourism working with the nations and regions of Britain Develop new product offers to stimulate demand in partnership with the nations and regions Explore: (Britain-led): Gain market share Grow Britain brand awareness Challenge negative perceptions of welcome, value and quality 2.2.3 Marketing strategy related to tourism Foxall (1981) defined marketing strategy as being an indication of how each element of the marketing mix will be used to achieve the marketing objectives. It is simple but easily to understand. Normally, the marketing objectives in tourism of mega-sport event host should be: To maximize the economic benefits for tourism across the host city/country To enhance the image of the host as a visitor destination To deliver- and showcase a world class welcome in and after the event A widely used marketing mix is the 4 Ps that product, price, place and promotion. Product Funk (2008) summarized unique aspects of the mega-sport event product: it is an intangible product; social facilitation via sport and reliance on product extensions. Intangible means it is an experiential product and social facilitation via sport means it has great impacts as mentioned above. However, these features are natural. Therefore, exploring on extension product is the key to stimulate and meet the demands of tourist. Such as UK launched new 50p coins to commemorating the London 2012 Olympic and Paralympic Games (BBC, 2010) and create new travel routes for tourists as an event-related tour products and etc. à ¨Ã‚ ¡Ã‚ Ãƒ §Ã¢â‚¬ Ã… ¸Ãƒ ¤Ã‚ ºÃƒ ¥Ã¢â‚¬Å" Ãƒ §Ã… ¡Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ãƒ ©Ã¢â‚¬ Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ ©Ã¢â‚¬ ¡Ã‚ Ãƒ ¤Ã‚ ¼Ã… ¡Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ ¸Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¦Ã‚ Ã‚ ¥Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ¨Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ ¤Ãƒ §Ã… ¡Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ãƒ §Ã‚ »Ã‚ Ãƒ ¦Ã‚ µÃ… ½Ãƒ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¢Ã‹â€ Ãƒ §Ã¢â‚¬ ºÃ…  Ã‚ ¼Ã…’http://blog.sina.com.cn/s/blog_482a6f7d010004ue.html Furthermore, as sport has the ability to directly and indirectly influences a number of aspects in a persons life (Beaton Funk, 2008), sport marketers are likely to package themselves as the forefront in the battle to improve quality of life as sport and leisure activities become central components of promoting health lifestyles, and building more integrated communities (Funk, 2008). à ¦Ã…  Ã…  Ãƒ ¤Ã‚ ¸Ã‚ »Ãƒ ¥Ã…  Ã… ¾Ãƒ ¥Ã… ¸Ã… ½Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ ¸Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ ½Ã¢â‚¬Å"à ¦Ã‹â€ Ã‚ Ãƒ ¤Ã‚ ¸Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ ¤Ã‚ ¸Ã‚ ªÃƒ ¦-†¦Ãƒ ¦Ã‚ ¸Ã‚ ¸Ãƒ ¤Ã‚ ºÃƒ ¥Ã¢â‚¬Å" Ãƒ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ Ã‚ ¾Ãƒ ¨Ã‚ ¿Ã¢â‚¬ ºeventà §Ã… ¡Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ ®Ã‚ £Ãƒ ¤Ã‚ ¼Ã‚  Ãƒ ©Ã¢â‚¬ ¡Ã…’à ¤Ã‚ ¹Ã… ¸Ãƒ ¦Ã‹Å" ¯Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ ¤Ãƒ ¥Ã… ¾Ã¢â‚¬ ¹Ãƒ ¤Ã‚ ½Ã¢â‚¬Å"à ¨Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ²Ãƒ ¦Ã‚ ´Ã‚ »Ãƒ ¥Ã…  Ã‚ ¨Ãƒ §Ã… ¡Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ãƒ ¤Ã‚ ¸Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ ¤Ã‚ ¸Ã‚ ªÃƒ §Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¹Ãƒ ¦Ã…“†°Ãƒ §Ã… ¡Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ãƒ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã¢â‚¬ ¹Ãƒ ¦Ã‚ ®Ã‚ µÃ‚ ¼Ã…’à ©Ã‚ ¦-à ¥Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã‹â€ Ãƒ ¦Ã‹Å" ¯Ãƒ ¥Ã… ¸Ã… ½Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ ¸Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ãƒ §Ã… ¡Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ãƒ §Ã‚ ²Ã‚ ¾Ãƒ §Ã‚ ¥Ã… ¾Ã‚ ¼Ã…’à ¦-†¡Ãƒ ¥Ã…’- ¼Ã…’à ¦Ã¢â€ž ¢Ã‚ ¯Ãƒ §Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¹Ãƒ §Ã‚ ­Ã¢â‚¬ °Ãƒ §Ã‚ ­Ã¢â‚¬ °Ãƒ £Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ãƒ ¤Ã‚ ¸Ã‚ ¾Ãƒ ¤Ã‚ ¾Ã¢â‚¬ ¹Ã‚ ¼Ã…’à ¦Ã‚ ¾Ã‚ ³Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ ¤Ãƒ ¥Ã‹â€ Ã‚ ©Ãƒ ¤Ã‚ ºÃ… ¡Ãƒ §Ã… ¡Ã¢â‚¬Å¾brandà ¦Ã… ½Ã‚ ¨Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ ¹Ã‚ ¿Ãƒ £Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å¡ Price Price can be understood by if it is valuable. Getz and Cheyne (1997) found that focus group participants identified important quality factors that can influence a decision to travel to an event, including reputation of the event, caliber of participants (the best in their field), international scope, and the presence of celebrities, rarity is also a factor. Obviously, mega-sport event has all these factors: outstanding reputation; national caliber; international tourism market; celebrities (NBA stars etc.) and once in four years. As mentioned above, mega-sport tourists pay for an experience which often involves sensory, emotional, cognitive, behavioural and relational values that replace functional values (Schmitt, 1999). A well-managed service system should be marketed to the audience as favourable factor. In adverse, weakness of service will lead tourist doubt to come. For example, a safety doubt emerging after the news that with one week remaining before the opening ceremony of the London Olympics, it only has 4,000 guards trained and ready which was expected to provide over 10,000 security personnel for the event (Bartnik, 2012). à ¨Ã‚ ¿Ã¢â€ž ¢Ãƒ ¤Ã‚ ¸Ã‚ ªÃƒ ¤Ã‚ ºÃƒ ¥Ã¢â‚¬Å" Ãƒ ¦Ã…“†°Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ ¤Ã… ¡Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ ¤Ãƒ §Ã… ¡Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ Ã‚ ¸Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ ¼Ã¢â‚¬ ¢Ãƒ ¥Ã…  Ã¢â‚¬ ºÃ‚ ¼Ã… ¸Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¤Ã‚ ¸Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ ¦- ¹Ãƒ ©Ã‚ Ã‚ ¢Ã‚ ¼Ã…’à ¥Ã‚ ¦Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ãƒ ¤Ã‚ ½Ã¢â‚¬ ¢Ãƒ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã¢â‚¬Å"à ¦Ã‚ ¶Ã‹â€ Ãƒ ¦-†¦Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ ®Ã‚ ¢Ãƒ ¤Ã‚ »Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ §Ã… ¡Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ãƒ ©Ã‚ ¡Ã‚ ¾Ãƒ ¨Ã¢â€ž ¢Ã¢â‚¬ËœÃ‚ ¼Ã… ¸Ãƒ ©Ã¢â‚¬ ºÃ¢â‚¬ ¦Ãƒ ¥Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã‚ ¸Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ ¥Ã‚ ¥Ãƒ ¨Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ Ãƒ ¤Ã‚ ¼Ã… ¡Ãƒ §Ã… ¡Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ãƒ ¦Ã‚ Ã‚ Ãƒ ¦Ã¢â€š ¬-à ¤Ã‚ ¸Ã‚ »Ãƒ ¤Ã‚ ¹Ã¢â‚¬ °Ãƒ ¥Ã¢â‚¬ ºÃ‚ ½Ãƒ ©Ã¢â€ž ¢Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ãƒ §Ã… ½Ã‚ ¯Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ ¢Ã†â€™ Place It refers to the place where the customers can buy the product and how the product reaches out to that place. The most effective way is media such as Internet, PR and TV. Many scholars believe that media coverage of sport events will help countries to present themselves in favorable terms (Whitson Macintosh, 1996), and will assist destinations in building a positive image that helps to generate future tourist demand (Faulkner et al., 2000). à ¤Ã‚ ¸Ã‚ ºÃƒ ¤Ã‚ ºÃ¢â‚¬  Ãƒ ¨Ã‚ ¦Ã¢â‚¬  Ãƒ §Ã¢â‚¬ º-à ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ºÃ‚ ´Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ ¹Ã‚ ¿Ãƒ §Ã… ¡Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ãƒ ¨Ã…’Æ’Ã ¥Ã¢â‚¬ ºÃ‚ ´Ã‚ ¼Ã…’à ¥Ã‚ ¯Ã‚ ¹Ãƒ ¤Ã‚ ºÃ… ½Ãƒ ¥Ã¢â‚¬ ºÃ‚ ½Ãƒ ©Ã¢â€ž ¢Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ãƒ ¥Ã…’-à §Ã… ¡Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ ¸Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ãƒ ¥Ã…“ ºÃƒ ¦Ã… ½Ã‚ ¨Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ ¹Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ¼Ã…’à §Ã‚ ½Ã¢â‚¬ËœÃƒ §Ã‚ »Ã…“à ¥Ã‚ ¼Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ ¥Ã¢â‚¬ ¹Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ Ã‹Å"à ¥Ã‚ ¾-à ¨Ã‚ ¶Ã…  Ãƒ ¦Ã‚ Ã‚ ¥Ãƒ ¨Ã‚ ¶Ã…  Ãƒ ©Ã¢â‚¬ ¡Ã‚ Ãƒ ¨Ã‚ ¦Ã‚ Ã‚ ¼Ã…’ Social media such as Facebook, Flickr and TripAdvisor are increasingly being exploited within mega-sport event marketing campaigns. For example, Facebook has more than 300 million active users, 50% of whom log on everyday. The internet provides a worldwide platform to distribute the information. Recently emerging channel is mobile. According to VisitBritain (2010), 400m are already using the mobile internet and this will double by 2012; 87% of people are already using their mobile for media consumption at home, and 2012 London Olympic Games became the first mobile internet Games. Development of technology help marketers delivers the information more effective, however, traditional media still important such as newspaper, which are still widely used by old peoples; TV, which covers lots of computer illiterate and broadcast, which can reach the people who have no time to look such as taxi driver. Promotion Promotion is the business of communication to the customers such as what benefits the company or organization has to offer rather than exhibit the features. Hosting the mega-sport events means a valuable promotion opportunity as it can improving a destinations image and building a destinations brand for sustainable development (Getz, 1997; Hall, 1992; Jago, et al., 2010; Prentice Andersen, 2003; Ritchie, 1984) . This means that the city can show off its tourist attractions and the infrastructure that has been generated (Chalip, 2002; Owen, 2005; Whitson Horne, 2006). Awareness of the region is also positively impacted which again brings in domestic and international tourists and potential investors (Gursoy Kendall, 2006; Solberg Preuss, 2007). For example, in a study examining the effect of special events on a countrys brand building, Jun and Lee (2008) reported a positive relationship between the role of special events on the attitudes of young Korean students towards Germany, specifically, the more exposure Korean students had to special events held in Germany, the more likely they were to form positive attitudes toward Germany. These findings supported Chalip and Costas (Chalip Costa, 2005)general theory that special events can be an extension of a destination brand or can be promoted as certain features of destination brand. Political support à §Ã‚ ­Ã‚ ¾Ãƒ ¨Ã‚ ¯Ã‚ Ãƒ ¤Ã‚ ¸Ã‚ Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ -à ©Ã¢â€ž ¢Ã‚ Ãƒ §Ã‚ ­Ã¢â‚¬ °Ãƒ £Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ãƒ ¦Ã‚ ¾Ã‚ ³Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ ¤Ãƒ ¥Ã‹â€ Ã‚ ©Ãƒ ¤Ã‚ ºÃ… ¡Ãƒ §Ã… ¡Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ãƒ ¦Ã… ½Ã‚ ¨Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ ¹Ã‚ ¿Ãƒ ¦Ã‹â€ Ã‚ Ãƒ ¦Ã… ¾Ã…“à £Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å¡ 2.3 Destination service quality Even though marketing strategy is well managed, tourists experience of a hotel, restaurant, or casino will imparts a different sort of knowledge than simply reading or hearing about it (La Tour, et al., 2009). Destination management includes how competition in tourism increasingly involves geographical systems where suppliers of hospitality, transportation, entertainment, and cultural services collaborate to increase the attractiveness of the destination and improve its ability to acquire customers (Bieger, 1998; Bieger, 2000; Buhalis, 2000; Ritchie Crouch, 2000; Go Crompton, 2000). Event managers are often preoccupied with delivering a high quality program (Getz, 1998), which is basically what visitors come to experience, but equal attention to service quality is essential for ensuring visitor satisfaction. SA Tourism (2008) concedes to the following ten challenges for 2010: 1) poor access to channels of tourism information, 2) insufficient accommodation, and 3) compelling attractions and activities, 4) inadequate service levels and skills shortage, 5) inadequate public transport, 6) insufficient focus on tourist safety and security, 7) limited institutional capacity, 8) managing expectations, 9) demand management and 10) displacement of general tourists. In the public eyes, hosting an event is a stimulator of tourism industry to the host city. Fourie and Santana-Gallego (2011) did a research on the impact of mega-sport events on tourist arrivals and resulted at there will be 8% increase of the arrivals on average to the host. The Olympics and FIFA World Cup are more than the average. For instance, by the data from ForwardKeys (2012), bookings made by 12th May show a 13% increase in the expected number of arrivals to London during the Olympics Periods and the rest of UK also receive 4% increase. Such a rapidly inflow of tourists will bring lots of problems such as transport disasters. Atlantas 1996 Olympic Game has provided a cautionary tale of mega-sport event travel chaos: with bus drivers getting lost, athletes arriving moments before their events and overloaded trains that couldnt get residents home (Wheatley, 2011). Therefore, how to provide quality destination service to tourists experience, while an influx occurs during the mega-sport event is one of the key factors of the successful tourism operation in mega-sport tourism marketing. Gronroos (1983) described service quality construct relates the level of experienced quality to both technical and functional dimensions of serve provision (see figure 10.1): Technical quality refers to the result of the service and/or the question, what has been provided? Functional quality on the other hand, refers to the way the service has been delivered and relates to the question, how has the service been provided? 2.3.1 Technical quality Technical quality refers to the relatively quantifiable aspects of the service such as The hotel guest will get a room and a bed to sleep in, the consumer of a restaurants services will get a meal, and the train passenger will be transported from one place to anotherà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ (Gronroos, 1984). In terms of mega-sport event, as influx of tourists, the capability of original infrastructure is not able to meet the needs. That is why Terret (2008) mentioned cities are interested in hosting of the Olympics Games as they can accelerate infrastructure projects. For example, Olympic experience shows that a highly robust and resilient public transport system is a prerequisite to handle exceptional Olympic mega event traffic demands (Bovy, 2006). In terms of London, it struggles with constraints on the Tube, which handles 12 million trips a day during normal times and the Olympics is estimated to add three million trips on the busiest days (Kirka, 2012). Therefore, it invested  £80m in permanent transport improvements for DLR (Media centre Press release, 2008), we have seen new rail links created in East London, and improvements to existing underground and overground train services (Pettinger, 2009) and the increase of capability achieved that a train arriving in the Olympic Park area every 15 seconds (London Olympics Transport Upgrade, 2012). This improvement will shorten the time that tourist move in and out the Olympic Park and reduce the crowd risk. In other hand, a strong public transport will also encourage tourist to choose so that avoid general car traffic on the primary Olympic transport network accordingly. 2.3.2 Functional quality Local human resource support Functional quality creates a competitive edge by focusing on the more personal aspects of the service encounter such as The accessibility of a teller machine, a restaurant or a business consultant, the appearance and behavior of waiters, bank tellers, travel agency representatives, bus drivers, cabin attendants, business consultants, plumbers, how these service firm employees perform, what they say and how they say it do also have an impact on the customers view of the serviceà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ (Gronroos, 1984) In terms of mega-sport event, a special group volunteers was critical to the successful staging of mega-event because they provided the substantial amount of unpaid additional labour that was needed and also the outstanding service that help the tourists. For example, in Beijing 2008 Olympic games, there were 70,000 volunteers (Associated Press, 2007) applied in various positions such as translation and interpretation, protocol and reception, contest organization, food and beverage, medical services, security and transportation et al (Volunteer Positions Requirements, 2008). To ensure the service quality of the volunteer, a series of training was made before volunteers officially starting their services. In terms of Beijing 2008 Olympic Game, the training includes 4 parts (Organization and Administration of Olympic Volunteering, 2008) 1. General training: basic Olympic knowledge, brief introduction to the Beijing Olympic and Paralympic Games, Chinese history and traditional culture, history and cultural life in Beijing, knowledge and skills necessary to serve the disabled, etiquette norm, medical knowledge and first-aid skills. 2. Professional training: professional knowledge and skills required in voluntary services. 3. Venue training: venue functions, knowledge concerning the sports held in the venue, internal facilities, organizational structure, rules and regulations. 4. Job training: job responsibilities, specific work, business procedures, and operating norms. These well-trained volunteers helped the foreign visitors overcome language and cultural barriers, and provide professional service so that enhance the satisfaction of tourists experience in great extent and assist Olympic Games operating smoothly. However, Bejou et al. (1996) mentioned that there are non-standardized services in which the knowledge, behavior and commitment of the service providers are crucial. Oneil et. al. (1999) believe that this experiential product (such as event) is produced and consumed simultaneously, is highly heterogeneous and very difficult to store and/or control, but basically, if expectations are met, service quality is perceived to be satisfactory; if unmet, less than satisfactory; if exceeded, more than satisfactory. In contrary, poor events may causes by such as an emphasis on quantity rather than quality, a product rather than a market orientation, poor physical conditions and lack of information, and poorly selected or inadequately trained personnel (Jackson Schneider, 1990). 2.4 Sustainable tourism development The evaluation of the sustainability impacts of any mega-sport event is a complex and difficult task and it involves far more than simply estimating its potential revenue and expenditure (Dodouras James, 2004). As hosting a mega-sport event can also constituted a unique opportunity for the diversification and enrichment of the hosts tourism product, this legacy will benefit the tourism development in the future. For example, the building of tourism infrastructure in the case of Barcelona significantly enhanced its image and credibility as an international tourist destination (Duran, 2005). Musgrave Raj (2009) summarized the three sustainable aspects that influenced by mega-sport event as Figure 1: Mega-sport Events Social Environmental Economic Positive: Induced development and construction expenditure Long-term promotional benefits Civic pride Community development Increased employment opportunities Positive: Raising awareness of environmental issues Development of waste land Long-term conservation of area Positive: Direct/indirect expenditure Increased property value due to regeneration Additional trade and business development Induced development and construction expenditure Event product extensions Negative: Future use of infrastructure not maximized Interruption of normal business Resident exodus Disruption of lifestyle Media impacts Community apathy and antagonism Increased risk of security issues Unequal distribution of wealth Negative: Site/location damage short- and long-term Waste and pollution Noise pollution Traffic disruption and congestion Increase in energy demands and other natural resources Negative: Cost of event failure to local/national economy Inflated price of products, services and amenities Unequal distribution of wealth Fig. 1. 1. The three pillar impacts of events (Musgrave Raj, 2009) Consequently, the objectives of sustainable development are: optimizing socio-cultural impacts; minimizing environmental impacts and maximizing economic impacts (Smith-Christensen, 2009). Specifically, in terms of tourism, these impacts can be operationalized in the post-event period to attain, magnify and sustain their objectives as a sustainable sport tourism legacy. And accordingly, the sustainability of strategies that originate from sport tourism development policies, which according to sustainable development principles should maintain economic efficiency, social equity, and environmental integrity (Campell, 1996; Fitzgerald Leigh, 2002). 2.4.1 Social impact By social impacts we mean the consequences to human populations of any public or private actions that alter the ways in which people live, work, play, relate to one another, organize to meet their needs and generally cope as members of society. The term also includes cultural impacts involving changes to the norms, values, and beliefs that guide and rationalize their cognition of themselves and their society (Interorganizational Committee on Guidelines and Principles, 1994). To achieve the outcome that optimizing socio-cultural impact, the organizer should reduce the negative impacts and magnify the positive impacts. Tassiopoulos Johnson (2009) summarized the social impacts that brought by event tourism as follow: Negative impacts of tourism: Sex The sexual industry has grown rapidly rely on the mega-sport event due to some event attendees travel abroad to enjoy uninhibited casual sexual encounters and result on a bad impact of the local. For example, as many as 40,000 women could enter South Africa to work as prostitutes during this years football World Cup 2010 (The Telegraph, 2010). The grave danger of this growth has led to the spreading of HIV/AIDS and other sexually transmitted diseases (Cooper, et al., 2005). Health There are diseases such as swine flu should be noted when people from different countries interact. For example, the recording of more than 8500 cases of malaria infections in the UK, which have been a result of tourist and visiting friends and relatives (VFT) traffic to malaria-infected destinations. These diseases may not fatal but they can cause social and economic stress to the host community. Commodification Commodification implies that the demands of tourism (inclusive of events) have led to the mutation and sometimes the destruction of the meaning of cultural performances and special events. Staged authenticity refers to simulated experiences that are developed to satisfy the needs of the visitor. Standardization refers to where the visitor attending an event searches for the familiar, leading to a loss of cultural diversity (Cooper, et al., 2005). Disruption of lifestyle of residents Sherwood (2007) refers to increases in traffic and noise and the general disruption to normal daily routines caused by the hosting of an event in the destination. Furthermore, overcrowding, congestion and noise are ascribed to an influx of event visitors in the host destination. This may cause that resident exodus, for instance, third of Britons holidaying abroad this summer have deliberately chosen dates to avoid London 2012 (Gerges, 2012). Crime and vandalism Many scholars such as Mathieson and Wall (1982) have suggested that large numbers of visitors to an event carrying relatively large amounts of money and valuables with them will provide a source for illegal activities including drug trafficking, robbery, vandalism and violence. For example, only 10 weeks before the FIFA World Cup 2010, in South Africa, there were 50 murders happened in one day while the South Africas murder rate actually dropped slightly last year (Tay, 2010). Positive impacts of tourism: The fostering of community/civic pride Events can be used to put new life into ceremonies and rituals, making them come alive, combining them with skills and crafts. This can inspire and assist with fostering local pride of a host community and provides the best possible experience for the event attendee (Tassiopoulos Johnson, 2009). Creating sociocultural awareness and peace Events take people to new places and can broaden their understanding and knowledge of other cultures and environments. This can be regarded as an educational process and, if channeled properly, this education can lead to greater awareness of, and sympathy and admiration for, other societies. Cultural exchange that takes place between the event attendee and the host community can assist in fostering peace. The belief in the relationship between tourism and peace is so strong that in 1986 the International Institute for Peace through Tourism was set up. Shared infrastructure When developments for events take place, for example, the FIFA 2010 World Cup in South Africa, the local infrastructure is often enhanced to meet the needs of the developments. The host community can find that the quality of their life is enhanced through being able to enjoy this improved infrastructure. This type of infrastructure can include upgrading sporting venues, improvement of airports and general transportation. Direct sociocultural support The funding generated from various events can provide funds to assist to restore heritage sites, conserve natural and cultural sites, or assist local charities. The proceeds earned from these events in terms of registration fees and goods sold are donated to various charities within the local community. 2.4.2 Environmental impact The environmental impact indicates that (Mathieson Wall, 1982; Jenner Smith, 1991; Boers Bosch, 1994; Puczko Ratz, 2002; 2005): Impacts on the natural environment, i.e. air quality, geological factors, water quality, depletion of natural resources, flora and fauna; Impacts on the man-made environment, i.e. buildings visual impacts, changes in land use, infrastructure; Impacts on the ecosystem. The depletion of natural resources is accelerated by the use of fossil fuels in transportation, the heating of accommodation and the operation of catering facilities (which are usually non-renewable energy sources like coal, crude oil or natural gas). In more environment-friendly solutions, heating and energy consumption is based on hydro, solar or wind energy. Wasteful and careless use of the drinking water supply significantly impairs the effectiveness of water management, and decreases available freshwater resources. The wasteful use of the water supply could be avoided by a more environmentally friendly attitude and modern technology. The positive elements of the environmental impacts most commonly catalogued relate to the new facilities that might not have been politically or financially feasible without the event. On the negative side, growing attention is being focused on the environmental damage due to development for mega sports events (Tolios, 1997). 2.4.3 Economic impact Event tourism can generate positive economic impacts, in addition to longer-term place marketing benefits and media exposure for destination, along with sporting or cultural policy benefits (Musgrave Raj, 2009). à ¤Ã‚ ºÃ‚ ºÃƒ ¤Ã‚ »Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ §Ã… ¡Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ãƒ ¨Ã…  Ã‚ ±Ãƒ ©Ã¢â‚¬ Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¼Ã…’à ¦Ã…  Ã¢â‚¬ ¢Ãƒ ¨Ã‚ µÃ¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¼Ã…’à ¥Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ¥Ãƒ ¤Ã‚ ½Ã…“à ¥Ã‚ ²-à ¤Ã‚ ½Ã‚ Ãƒ §Ã‚ ­Ã¢â‚¬ °Ãƒ §Ã‚ ­Ã¢â‚¬ °Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ ¥Ã‚ ½Ãƒ §Ã… ¡Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ãƒ ¦- ¹Ãƒ ©Ã‚ Ã‚ ¢Ã‚ ¼Ã…’à ¤Ã‚ ¸Ã‚ ¾Ãƒ ¤Ã‚ ¾Ã¢â‚¬ ¹ While these impacts are extremely relevant and often very important, an honest assessment of the value of a particular mega sports event must also include estimates of the negative impacts, such as commodity price increases a